SYLLABUS_CHEMISTRY_GRADE XII

Unit 1: Chemical Binding And Shape of Molecules

1. Hybridization and concept of sigma and pi bond
2. Valence shell electron pair repulsion  (VSEPR) theory
3. Prediction of molecular geometry (Shapes of molecules) on the basis of VSEPR and hybridization (BeF₂, BF₃, NH₃, H₂O, CH₄, H₂O₂, C₂H₂, C₂H₄, H₂S)

Unit 2: Volumetric Analysis

1.Different ways of expressing the concentration of solutions.

i.Molarity
ii.Normality
iii.Molality
iv.Gram/Litre

v.Percentage

2.Titration:

i.Acid-base titration

ii.Redox titration

3.Primary standard substance, Primary standard solution, Secondary standard substance, Secondary standard solution, endpoint, equivalence point, neutral point, indicators

4.Derivation of normality equation

5.Relation between normality and molarity

6.Selection of indicators in acid-base titration and pH curve

7.Solving related numerical problems

Unit 3: Ionic Equilibrium

1.Introduction

2.Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald's dilution law)

3.Degree of ionization and ionization constant

4.Strength of acids and bases in terms of values

5.Acid-base concept

i.Arrhenius concept of acids and bases

ii.Bronsted Lowry concepts of acids and bases 

iii.Lewis concept of acids and bases

6.Ionization of water, pH and pH scale

7.Hydrolysis of salts (qualitative concept)

8.Solubility product principle and its application

9.Common ion effects and its application

10.Application of solubility product principle in qualitative analysis

11.Buffer Solution 

(Solving numerical problems related with solubility, solubility product, pH and pOH)

Unit 4:Electrochemistry

1.Introduction

2.Electrolysis, strong and weak electrolyte

3.Arrehenius theory of ionization

4.Faraday's laws of electrolysis

5.Criteria of product formation during electrolysis

6.Electrolytic conduction, equivalent, and molar conductivities

7.Variation of conductivity with concentration

8.Electrode potential. standard electrode potential, standard hydrogen electrode and its application

9.Electrochemical series and its use to predict the feasibility of redox reactions

10.Electrochemical cell (Galvanic cell)

11.EMF of  electrochemical cell in the standard state (Solving related numerical problems)

Unit 5:Energetics of Chemical Reactions

1.Introduction, Unit of energy

2Some thermodynamical terms: system, surrounding, boundary, universe different types of system, state function, state variables and internal energy

3.Exchange of energy between the system and surrounding

4.Different types of thermodynamic process

5.The first law of thermodynamics

6.Sign convention of heat and work

7.Enthalpy, enthalpy change in chemical reactions

8.Hess's law of constant heat summation

9.Heat of neutralization, heat of solution, heat of combustion, heat of vaporization, heat of formation and bond energy

(Solving related numerical problems)

Unit 6: Chemical Thermodynamics

1.Spontaneous Process

2.Second law of thermodynamics

3.Entropy and physical concept

4.Entropy and spontaneity

5.Entropy changes in phase transformation

6.Entropy changes and their calculation

7.Gibb's free energy and p[re ion for feasibility of reaction

8.Standard free energy change and equilibrium constant

9.Influence of temperature and spontaneous process

(Calculation involving in standard free energy change and equilibrium constant

Unit 7: Chemical Kinetics

1.Concept of reaction rate

2.Average rate and instantaneous rate of reaction

3.Factors that influence the rate of reaction

4. Rate law equation, rate constant and its units 

5.order reaction

6.Order and molecularity of a  ofa reaction

7.Integrated rate law for first-order reaction

8.Half-life of a reaction (first order

9.Explaining the increase in reaction rate with temperature or collision theory (qualitative concept only)

10.Concept of activation energy as the energy barrier, activated complex and effect of catalyst on the rate of reaction 

Solving related numerical problems)

Organic Chemistry (Section B)

Unit 8: Aromatic Hydrocarbon

1. 1. Definition, characteristics of aromatic compounds. Huckel’s rule, structure of benzene, isomerism and orientation of benzene derivatives

    2.Preparation of benzene from

3.       i. decarboxylation ii. Phenol iii.ethyne iv chlorobenzene

4.3.Physical Properties of benzene

5.4.Chemical properties of benzene

i. Addition reaction: hydrogen, halogenation and ozone

ii. Electrophilic substitution reaction: nitration, sulphonation, halogenation, Friedel Craft’s alkylation and acylation

iii.Combustion of benzene and uses

Unit 9: Haloalkanes and haloarenes

9.1 Haloalkanes:

1. Introduction, classification and isomerism

2.Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkene, alkane and alcohols

3.Physical properties of monohaloalkanes

4.Chemical properties

-Substitution reactions

-Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation)

-Gignard’s reagent reactions

-Reduction reaction

-Wutrtz’s reaction

5.Polyhaloalkanes:

-Laboratory preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone

-Physical properties: oxidation, reduction, action Silver Powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, aqueous alkali,Carbyl amine reaction, Reimer Tiemann’s reaction, iodoform reaction etc.

9.2. Haloarenes:

1.Preparation of chorobenzene from

-Benzene

-Benzene dioazonium chloride

2.Physical properties

3. Chemical properties

-Low reactivity of haloarem≠ as compared to haloalkane in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction

-Reduction of chlorobenzene

-Electrophilic substitution reactions

-Action with Na, Mg and chloral etc

-Uses

Unit 10: Alcohols and Phenols

10.1. Alcohols:

1.Introduction, classification, nomenclature and isomerism

2.Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol by Victor Meyer’s Mrthod

3.Preparation of monohydric alcohols from i. haloalkane ii. Grignard’s reagents using aldehyde and ketones iii.primary amines iv. Ester

4.Industrial preparatiob ethanol from: i. Oxo-process ii. Fermentation iii. Hydroboration of alkene

5.Physical Properties monohydric alcohols

6.Chemical properties of Monohydric alcohols

-Reaction with HX, PX₃, P₂O₅, SOCl₂

-Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li

-Esterification process

-Dehydration of alcohols

-Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol with oxidizing agents

-Reduction of alcohols (Catalytic dehydrogenation)

-Laboratory test of ethanol

-Absolute alcohol, methylated spirits, rectified spirit, alcohol beverage

-Preparation and uses of ethane-1,2-diol (glycol)

-Preparation and uses of Propane-1,2,3-triol (glycerol)

10.2. Phenols:

1.Introduction of Phenols

2.Preparation of Phenol from:

i.Chlorobenzene

ii.Diaszonium chloride

iii.Benzene sulphonic acid

3.Physical Properties of Phenol

4.Chemical Properties

-Acidic nature of phenol

-Action with PCl₅, PX₃, NH₃, Zn, Na, benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride

-Acylation reaction, Kolbe’s reaction, Reimer Tiemann’s reaction

-Electrophilic substitution Reaction: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, and Friedel craft’s alkylation

-Laboratory test of Phenol

-Uses of phenol.

Unit 11: Ethers

11.1 Aliphatic Ethers:

1.Introduction, nomenclature, classification, isomerism in ether

2.Preparation of ethers from i. alcohol ii. Williamson’s etherification process

3.Laboratory preparation of ethoxyethane from ethanol

4.Physical properties of ether

5.Chemical properties of ethoxyethane

-Action with HI, PCl₅, Conc. H₂SO₄, air and Cl₂

-Uses of ethoxyethane

11.2Aromatic ether:

-Preparation of methoxybenzene (anisole)

-Halogenation, nitration and sulphonation reactions

Unit 12: Aldehydes and Ketones

12.1 Aliphatic Aldehydes and Ketones

1.Introduction, structure of carbonyl group, nomenclature and isomerism in carbonyl compound

2.Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from

i.Dehydrohalogenation and oxidation of alcohol

ii.Ozonolysis of alkenes

iii.Acid chloride

iv.Gem dihaloalkane

v.Catalytic distillation of fatty acid

vi.Distillation of calcium salt of fatty acid

vii.Catalytic hydration of alkynes

3. Physical properties

4.Chemical properties

i.Addition reaction: addition of H2, HCN, NaHSO3 and Grignard’s reagents

ii.Action with ammonia derivatives: NH2OH, NH2-NH2, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide and 2,4-DNP

iii.Reduction of aldehydes

iv.Oxidation with Tollen’s reagent, Fehling’s solution

v.Aldol condensation reactions; Clemmenson’s reduction, Wolf –Kishner reduction, Action with PCl5, action with LiAlH4

vi.Special reaction of methanal: Cannizzaro’s reaction, action with ammonia, action with phenol, formalin and its uses

12.2Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones:

1.Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene

2.Properties of benzaldehyde different from aliphatic aldehydes:

3.Important reaction of benzaldehyde different from aliphatic aldehydes

-Perkins condensation

-Benzoin condensation

-Electrophilic substitution reaction

-Cannizzaro’s reaction

Preparation of acetophenone by Friedel Craft’s acylation

Unit 13:Aliphatic Carboxylic acids:

1.Introduction, nomenclature, examples

2.Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from

i.Aldehyde

ii.Nitriles

iii.Grignard reagents

iv.Dicarboxylic acid

v.Sodium alkoxide

vi.Trihaloalkanes

3.Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids

4.Chemical properties: Action with alkalis, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCl3, LiAlH4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid, esterification, halogenation

5.Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid

6.Laboratory preparation of methanoic acid

 7.Abnormal behavior of methanoic acid

8.Uses of carboxylic acid

13.2 Derivatives of Carboxylic Acid:

1.Nomenclature, preparation and properties of

i.Acid chloride

ii.Acid amides

iii.Acid anhydrides

iv.Esters

13.3Aromatic Carboxylic Acids:

1.Preparation of benzoic acid

2.Physical and Chemical properties

3.Uses of benzoic acid

Unit 14: Nitrocompounds:

14.1Aliphatic Nitrocompounds (Nitroalkane):

1.Introduction and nomenclature

2.Preparation from haloalkane and alkane

3.Physical properties

4.Reduction of nitroalkane

5.Uses

14.2Aromatic Nitrocompounds:

1.Laboratory preparation of nitrobenzene

2.Physical properties

3.Chemical properties

-Reduction in different media

-Electrophilic substitution reactions

4.Uses of nitrobenzene

Unit 15: Amino compounds (Amines and aniline)

15.1Aliphatic amines:

1.Introduction, nomenclature and classification

2.Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann’s method

3.Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides

4.Physical properties

5.Chemical Properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 1, 2 a d 3 amines, zreaction of Primary amines with chloroform, conc. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2/HCl)

6.Test of 1, 2, and 3 amibes (nitrous acid test)

15.2Aromatic Amine (Aniline):

1.Laboratory preparation of aniline

2.Physical properties

3.Chemical Properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, cabylamine and coupling reaction

4.Electrophilic substitution, Nitration, Sulphonation and halogenation

5.Uses of aniline

Unit 16:Molecules of Life

1.Carbohydrates: definition, classification of carbohydrates, various examples of carbohydrate of different class, structure of glucose and fructose, function of carbohydrate, sugar and non-sugar

2.Proteins: definition, amino acid, essential and non-essential aminoacids , peptide linkage, hydrolysis of amino acids, denaturation of proteins, Zwitter ions, functions of amino acids

3.Nucleic acid: definition, basic components of nucleic acid; double helix, difference between  RNA and DNA; biological function of nucleic acid

4.Lipid: definition, fatty acids, fat as ester of fatty acid and difference between fats and oils, function of lipid

5.Enzymes and their functions

17.Chemistry in Service to mankind

1.Polymer: definition, natural and synthetic polymers, homopolymers and co-polymers, Preparation of some polymers, PVC, polyethene, polystyrene, Teflon, Nylon-6,6, Bakelite and their uses

2.Dyes: definition, natural and synthetic dyes, names and structure of some common drug, drug addiction

3.Fertilizer: definition, chemical and organic fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphatic fertilizer, fertilizer as pollution

4.Pesticides: insecticides, herbicides, weedicides and fungicides (examples and their uses)

18.Heavy metals

General Characteristics of Transition Metals

18.1Copper

1.Position in periodic table

2.Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrites

3.Properties and uses

4.Chemistry of (i) blue vitriol (ii) black oxide of copper (iii) red oxide of copper

18.2Zinc

1.Position in periodic table

2.Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende

3.Properties and uses

4.Preparation, properties and uses of zinc white and white vitriol

5.Galvanization

18.3Mercury:

1.Occurrence and extraction of Hg from Cinnabar

2.Properties of mercury

3.Mercury poisoning and uses of Hg

4.Preparation, properties and uses of (i) Calomel (ii) Corrosive Sublimate

18.4Iron

1.Occurrence and extraction of iron

2.Varieties of iron

3.Properties of iron

4.Manufacture of Steel by

5.Bessemer process

6.Open hearth process

7.Heat treatment of steel

8.Stainless steel

9.Rusting of iron and its prevention

10.Uses and biological importance of iron

11.Structure and uses of Green vitriol, Ferric chloride, Mohr’s salt

18.5Silver:  

1.Extraction of silver by cyanide process and its uses

2.Preparation and uses of

-Silver chloride

-Silver nitrate

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This site provides notes on different chapters of Chemistry of Grade XI and XII (NEB Board). Also, it posts number of blogs on Collection of past questions and solution. Conversion chart, rules, Chemical test are some additional features.

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